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31 March 2026, Volume 29 Issue 2 Previous Issue   

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Interpretation and Application of Standard Operating Procedure for Microscopic Tooth Preparation Yapeng Pei, Tian Luo, Chenyang Xie, Yang Yang, Yuwei Zhao, Lu Xie, Jing Gao, Haiyang Yu 2026, 29(2):  81-87.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.001 Abstract ( 10 )   PDF (820KB) ( 1 )   Traditional tooth preparation is limited by the resolution of the human eye and the inaccuracies of manual operation, making it difficult to meet the micrometric precision requirements of minimally invasive restorations. To address and advance the resolution of such issues, and in conjunction with the interpretation of relevant group standards, this article systematically outlines key technical points for achieving precise preparation. In preoperative design, both biological and mechanical factors are considered. In margin design, the microscopic supragingival 200μm margin concept uses the gingival margin line as a geometric reference, proposing that margins be placed 0-200 μm above the gingiva. This not only achieves aesthetically pleasing restorative outcomes with “invisible” margins under daily naked-eye observation but also minimizes impact on periodontal health. Intraoperatively, the use of surgical microscopic breaks through visual limitations, providing a visual support for refined operation. Furthermore, intraoperative digital guide assistance addresses the issues of poor controllability and non-uniqueness of the previous preparation quantity, which relied on empirical analogy to judge the shape. The adoption of rigid preparation guides and calibrated burs intraoperatively enables closed-loop, data-driven control of the preparation design, which is key to the practical implementation of precise preparation. Therefore, an integrated precise preparation system—combining accurate geometric contour positioning design of the preparation and restoration, microscopic visualization, and digital guide assistance—can elevate tooth preparation from a heavily experience-dependent procedure to a quantifiable, predictable digital and intelligent precision restorative technique. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Expert Consensus on Digital Intraoral Impression Taking for Fixed Prosthetic Restoration of Tooth and Dental Arch Defects Yuqiong Wu, Deliang Zeng, Hui Huang, Xinquan Jiang 2026, 29(2):  88-95.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.002 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1179KB) ( 3 )   The Expert Consensus on Intraoral Digital Impression Taking for Fixed Prosthodontics of Tooth and Dental Arch Defects was released in November 2024 and implemented in December, filling the gap of standardized operation guidelines in this field. Digital impression technology, as the foundation of digital oral restoration, collects three-dimensional information of oral soft and hard tissues through intraoral scanners and converts it into digital models through various optical measurement techniques. Compared with traditional impressions, it has advantages such as seamless workflow, stable accuracy, high patient comfort, and convenient data management. The Consensus has established a standardized operation system covering all processes, including instrument preparation and disinfection, optimization of the treatment environment, preoperative oral preparation, and scanning operations, and has clarified key requirements such as equipment calibration, temperature and humidity control, and preparation body design. At the same time, a ‘preoperative-intraoperative-postoperative’ full-process quality control system needs to be established to address multi-dimensional influencing factors such as equipment, operation, patients, and materials. However, the current technology still faces challenges such as scanning blind spots and insufficient equipment standardization, which need to be optimized through technological innovation, operational optimization, multi-technology integration, and industry support. In the future, digital impression technology will develop towards standardization, intelligence, portability, and popularization, expand application scenarios, deepen multi-technology integration, promote high-quality development of oral restoration, and provide patients with better restorative treatment services. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Guidelines for Chairside CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Rehabilitation Jian Yang, Hongqiang Ye, Peihui Zou, Xiaoying Chen, Yongsheng Zhou 2026, 29(2):  96-102.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.003 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1760KB) ( 0 )   The group standard of ‘Guidelines for Chairside CAD/CAM All-Ceramic Rehabilitation’ issued by the Chinese Stomatological Association proposes a series of recommendations for the technical system of computer aided design/ computer aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM). This article interprets the guidelines in detail from the aspects of indications selection, material selection, tooth preparation principles, requirements for digital impressions, morphological design, and milling procedures, serving as a reference for clinical applications. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Clinical Guideline of Using Gold Alloy for the Restoration of Tooth Defect Xiao Zhu, Shanshan Liang, Cui Huang 2026, 29(2):  103-107.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.004 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (1131KB) ( 0 )   The Clinical Guideline of Using Gold Alloy for the Restoration of Tooth Defect (hereinafter referred to as the Guidelines), spearheaded by the Chinese Stomatological Association, officially came into effect on January 1, 2021. Underpinned by the principles of evidence-based medicine, the Guidelines systematically summarize the material properties, classifications, indications, and standardized clinical protocols of gold alloy restorations. The primary objective is to standardize and promote the application of this classic restorative technique in the treatment of tooth defects.This article aims to provide a profound interpretation of the Guidelines core content. By integrating clinical practice, it elucidates the technical essentials of key procedures, the critical factors in selecting indications, and the importance of postoperative maintenance. These insights are intended to assist dental clinicians in better understanding and implementing the Guidelines, ultimately enhancing the clinical efficacy and long-term survival rate of gold alloy restorations. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Care and Maintenance Guidelines of the Implant Supported Denture Quan Shi, Hongchen Liu 2026, 29(2):  108-112.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.005 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (748KB) ( 0 )   Artificial dental implant restoration has become the mainstream technology for repairing dentition defects and losses. Its long-term success rate is closely related to the standardized maintenance of dental implant supported dentures. One of the main tasks of the oral hygiene and health care major and the national occupation of oral hygiene technicians, which were proposed and established by the author, is the maintenance of oral hygiene and health care after artificial dental implant restoration. This has played a significant role in ensuring the long-term success rate of dental implant supported dentures and has also promoted the training of relevant talents in the field of dental implant maintenance. Under the guidance of the Chinese Stomatological Association, the first group standard for ‘Care and maintenance guidelines of the implant supported denture’ at home was specially formulated, which also standardized dental implant supported dentures maintenance. According to the determination of the maintenance practice scope of dental implants by the new national occupation of oral hygiene and health care and oral hygiene technicians, as well as the requirements of the ‘Care and maintenance guidelines of the implant supported denture’, this paper focuses on analyzing the current status and problems of oral implant maintenance, the necessity and relevant contents of standardized dental implant maintenance, and the role positioning of oral hygiene technicians. It discusses from aspects such as patient self-maintenance, standardized professional maintenance content, and talent system construction and training, providing references for promoting the standardization of dental implant maintenance, improving the quality of clinical dental implant maintenance, and extending the service life of dental implants. It also provides references for the construction and development of the oral hygiene and health care major in China. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Guideline for the Tooth Preparation of Dental Ceramic Crowns Fu Wang, Meng Meng, Zhiqi Yan, Lina Niu, Jihua Chen 2026, 29(2):  113-120.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.006 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (1171KB) ( 2 )   One of the main purposes of tooth preparing in dental restorative practice is to provide space for the ceramic restoration. With the rapid development of glass ceramics and zirconia ceramic materials, there are significant differences in strength, aesthetic properties, and other parameters among different materials, and the required thickness and preparation space also vary significantly. In order to comprehensively understand dental ceramic materials and corresponding operation standards, this article will systematically review the evolution of dental ceramic material classification, composition characteristics, and the problems and challenges faced, aiming to provide guidance for clinical doctors to make reasonable choices and tooth preparation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Interpretation and Application of the Technical Guideline for Chairside CAD/CAM Restoration Using Resin-Ceramic Hybrid Materials Xu Zhou, Yunjiao He, Yawen Cheng, Dandan Xia, Yongsheng Zhou, Yunsong Liu 2026, 29(2):  121-130.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.007 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (3866KB) ( 0 )   Against the backdrop of rapid advancements in digital technique, chairside CAD/CAM (computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing) has established an efficient, minimally invasive clinical system for dental restorations that balances aesthetics and function. Currently, CAD/CAM restorative materials offer diverse options. Resin-based ceramics combine excellent machinability, near-natural dentin mechanical properties, and aesthetic advantages. They eliminate the need for additional sintering and glazing, significantly reducing chairside waiting time. However, this material differs from traditional all-ceramic materials in key aspects such as indications and clinical bonding. Furthermore, the lack of unified technical standards hinders its widespread adoption. This paper reviews the current clinical application status based on relevant technical guidelines from the Chinese Stomatological Association, summarizes its advantages and limitations, clarifies indications and precautions, and discusses operational key points and outcomes through case studies. It aims to provide reference for clinicians, promote standardized techniques, and meet patients’ comprehensive treatment needs. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Digital Guided Porcelain Veneer Restoration of Spaced Maxillary Anterior Teeth: A Case Report Tian Luo, Yizhou Li, Jiameng Zhang, Meijun Zhan, Yapeng Pei, Haiyang Yu 2026, 29(2):  131-139.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.008 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (3479KB) ( 0 )   Objective: To evaluate the clinical efficacy of digitally guided microscopic restoration technology, directed by the target restoration space (TRS), in the aesthetic management of diastemas in maxillary anterior teeth. Diagnosis and Treatment: A 21-year-old female patient presenting with spaced maxillary anterior teeth was selected. Preoperative analysis precisely defined the TRS. A transparent TRS tooth preparation guide was fabricated to transfer the TRS design clinically. Under the magnification of a dental operating microscope, precise depth-cut holes were prepared using the TRS guide and specific depth-indicating burs, followed by the final placement of porcelain laminate veneers. Results: The final restorations demonstrated harmonious morphology and color integration with the natural dentition, non-interfering occlusal function, excellent marginal adaptation, and stable aesthetic and biological outcomes. The integration of microscopic technology and the digital guide enabled precise, micron-level control over the tooth preparation. Conclusions: The combination of microscopic tooth preparation, TRS analysis, and digital guide guidance overcomes the visual limitations of traditional restoration methods. It provides a precise, reliable, and reproducible technical pathway for cases with complex TRS classifications, achieving predictable aesthetic rehabilitation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Implant-Supported Removable Partial Denture for Restoration of Complex Mandibular Kennedy Class II Partial Edentulism Following Mandibular Reconstruction Surgery: A Case Report Deliang Zeng, Xinyi Zhou, Xinquan Jiang, Qingfeng Huang 2026, 29(2):  140-149.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.009 Abstract ( 7 )   PDF (9417KB) ( 0 )   Objective: To explore the restoration strategy and effect of implant-supported removable partial denture (ISRPD) for complex mandibular KennedyⅡ defects after tumor surgery. Diagnosis and Treatment: This case report described a 29-year-old male patient. Following tumor resection of the right mandible, vascularized iliac bone graft, and simultaneous implant placement at sites XXX, the patient presented with missing teeth from XXX, forming a complex mandibular Kennedy ClassⅡ defect that crossed the midline and features a unilateral distal extension. After multidisciplinary sequential treatment, considering the suboptimal conditions of the grafted bone area and insufficient function of conventional removable partial denture (RPD), an ISRPD was designed and fabricated using a reimplanted implant at site XXX combined with the original implants at sites XXX, utilizing bar-clip attachments. Results: The restoration was smoothly placed and stably retained. The denture adopted a clasp-free design, eliminating metal exposure in the anterior region and enhancing aesthetic appearance. The patient recognized the restoration effect. The restoration could be independently inserted and removed by the patient, facilitating thorough cleaning of peri-implant tissues and the prosthesis itself, demonstrating excellent maintainability. Conclusions: For complex mandibular Kennedy II defects after tumor surgery, when fixed restoration is limited, ISRPD is an effective restoration solution. Through multidisciplinary collaboration, strategic implant placement, and reasonable design, the function of the denture can be enhanced, overcoming the deficiencies of traditional RPD. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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A Case Report of Aesthetic Clasp Removable Partial Denture for Dental Defect Repair Based on Precision Impression with Splicing Tray Jingxin Zhang, Yajie Zhang, Yingyue Su, Shanshan Gao 2026, 29(2):  150-163.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.010 Abstract ( 5 )   PDF (4947KB) ( 0 )   Objective: To explore the clinical effect of aesthetic clasp removable partial denture based on digital precision impression technology with a spliced tray in the restoration of dentition defects. Diagnosis and Treatment: One patient with dentition defect was selected. Intraoral scanning was performed to obtain three-dimensional oral data, followed by digital design of a split-type custom impression tray, which was divided into two modules: one for the remaining dentition area and one for the edentulous mucosal area. The tray was precisely spliced via a buckle structure to complete sectional impression taking and jaw relation recording. The final denture was fabricated, delivered, and followed up for evaluation.Results: The denture was seated smoothly with good retention. Occlusal relationship and masticatory function were improved, and the aesthetic clasp showed good concealment with high patient satisfaction. At the 6-month follow-up, the denture remained stable in retention, with no inflammatory reaction in the mucosa.Conclusions: This treatment protocol can balance the functional stability and aesthetic effect of the denture, reduce the number of patient visits, and have high clinical application value. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Implant-retained Overdenture for Edentulous Jaw: a Case Report with 7-year Follow-up Min Xu, Xin Ding, Yumei Zhang 2026, 29(2):  164-178.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.011 Abstract ( 6 )   PDF (24030KB) ( 0 )   Objective: Demonstrate the standardized treatment process and enhance prosthesis quality through a case of edentulous jaw rehabilitation using mandibular dual implant-bar clip-assisted overdenture combined with maxillary fibrous alveolar ridge windowing impression technique. Diagnosis and Treatment: Standardized fabrication of preliminary impressions and models for edentulous patients, followed by preoperative cone beam computed tomography(CBCT) examination. Two implants were placed in regions XXX and XXX. Customized windowed trays were designed for both arches, and final impressions with precise models were obtained. After recording and transferring jaw relations, a dentition guide and cast bar were fabricated. The prosthesis was finally tried in and adjusted intraorally. Results: Post-restoration, the denture exhibited excellent retention and stability. The patient’s masticatory and speech functions were significantly improved, with self-satisfaction. During follow-up, no significant bone resorption was observed around the implants and the denture remained stable in use. Conclusions: Favorable restorative outcomes can be achieved by selecting suitable restoration methods according to the intraoral conditions of edentulous patients and standardizing the operation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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One Case of Liquid 3D Inkjet-Printed Zirconia Single-Retainer Maryland Bridge for the Restoration of Bilateral Mandibular Anterior Tooth Loss Luming Wang, Yuwei Zhao, Longfeng Cong, Lin Niu 2026, 29(2):  179-187.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.012 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (7438KB) ( 0 )   Objective: To investigate the clinical workflow, technical characteristics, and short-term outcomes of single-retainer Maryland bridges fabricated from zirconia using liquid 3D printing advance customized jetting (ACJ) technology for the restoration of bilateral mandibular anterior tooth loss. Diagnosis and Treatment: A single adult female patient presenting with bilateral mandibular lateral incisor loss was selected. Digital intraoral scanning was performed to obtain three-dimensional data. Computer-aided design (CAD) software was used to design the single-retainer Maryland bridge, which was then fabricated from zirconia using ACJ technology combined with high-temperature sintering. During the clinical procedure, a Tooth Preparation Dynamic Monitoring (TP-DDM) system was employed for minimally invasive tooth preparation, and a universal resin bonding system was used for cementation. Results: Immediate and short-term follow-up evaluations revealed that the ACJ zirconia Maryland bridge seated smoothly with excellent marginal adaptation and stable retention. The aesthetic morphology harmonized well with the adjacent teeth, periodontal tissues remained healthy without inflammation, and the patient reported high subjective satisfaction. Conclusions: The zirconia single-retainer Maryland bridge fabricated via ACJ technology, combined with digital minimally invasive preparation, achieves the restorative goals of high precision, high strength, and minimal invasiveness. It provides an effective fixed restorative option for anterior small-span edentulous cases unsuitable for implant therapy, though its long-term efficacy requires further observation. References | Related Articles | Metrics

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Theoretical Foundations and Critical Practical Operational Considerations for Achieving Reliable Dental Bonding Ming Fang, Fu Wang, Wei Zhou, Sai Ma, Jihua Chen, Lina Niu 2026, 29(2):  188-196.  DOI: 10.12337/zgkqjxjyzz.2026.02.013 Abstract ( 4 )   PDF (872KB) ( 2 )   With the rapid development of dental bonding technology and materials, selecting appropriate adhesive materials for specific clinical scenarios and ensuring their standardized applications have become crucial to achieve the long-term durability of adhesive restorations. This paper comprehensively outlines the underlying dental bonding mechanisms and key technical aspects of the entire bonding process, encompassing material selection, surface treatment, and operational standardization. It seeks to deliver evidence-based clinical guidance, thereby aiming to improve both the long-term success of adhesive restorations and patient satisfaction. References | Related Articles | Metrics